茎化

基本解释 (translations)

hectocotylization

与茎化相关的网络例句 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]

During the process of long-time adaptive evolution, wetland plants adopted a series of special strategies to acclimate to salt stress. The main strategies are: 1 life history adjustment, e. g., to adjust seed germination time, implement seed dormancy and viviparity, and change reproductive manner to escape from direct salt stress, 2 morphological adjustment, e. g., to adjust biomass allocation pattern, age stem, defoliate, and carnify vegetative organs to isolate the redundant Na(superscript +) to the inactive-metabolism shoots or exclude the Na(superscript +)from tissues; 3 anatomic adjustment, e. g., to sink stoma, develop aerenchyma, and thicken cuticle and phellogen to maintain normal photosynthesis and respiration; 4 physiological and biochemical adjustment, e. g., to exclude and excrete salt, compartmentalize ions, adjust osmosis, do selective absorption, regulate hormones, and induce antioxidative enzymes to maintain the osmotic equilibrium and eliminate the active oxygen in cell; and 5 molecular level adjustment, e. g., to start up many salt-induced genes to regulate the metabolic responses to salt stress.

在长期的适应进化过程中，湿地植物形成了多种适应盐胁迫的策略，主要有：1生活史方面，植物可通过种子萌发时间的调整、种子体眠、胎生、繁殖方式的改变等逃避盐度的直接伤害；2形态学方面，植物可通过生物量分配模式的调整、茎的老化、落叶及营养器官的肉质化等将多余的Na隔离到代谢不活跃的茎中或将其排出体外；3解剖学方面，植物可通过气孔下陷、发达的通气组织、增加细胞木栓层、角质层及栅栏组织的厚度等以维持植物正常的光合作用和呼吸作用；4生理生化方面，植物可通过离子区隔化、拒盐、泌盐、选择性吸收、渗透调节、激素调节及抗氧化物酶的诱导等来维持细胞内正常的渗透压，清除胞内活性氧分子；5分子水平方面，植物可通过多种与盐胁迫相关的基因来调控细胞内的多种代谢反应。

Trichogramma showed high control efficacy on cotton bollworm eggs after three times of release both in the second and in the third generation bollworm periods. The parasitism on the second and third generation bollworm eggs were 66.0%-70.7% and 76.0%-81.2%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the control (second generation: 7.0%-12.3%, third generation: 5.2%-7.4%). And the injury rate of cotton buds and bolls in the second and third generation bollworm were 2.2% and 3.1%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in the control (second generation:8.5%, third generation: 20.9%). In the second generation bollworm period, number of bollworm eggs or larvae in the Trichogramma released cotton field did not differ to that in the chemically controlled field. But in the third generation, there were significantly less bollworm eggs and larvae in the Trichogramma released cotton field. There were more predators in the Trichogramma released cotton field. These results indicated that cotton boll worm in the transgenic insect-resistant cotton field can he effectively controlled by mass-releasing of T.

结果发现：棉铃虫卵在棉株不同部位的分布差异较大，2代棉铃虫卵主要分布在叶正面、叶背面和茎尖，3代棉铃虫卵主要分布于蕾铃；在放蜂田，赤眼蜂对棉株不同部位棉铃虫卵的寄生率差异较大，2，3代棉铃虫时期对叶正面、叫背面、茎尖、蕾铃的棉铃虫卵寄生率均较高，对叶柄和茎杆处卵的寄生率较低；并以3代棉铃虫时期的寄生率较高；在2，3代棉铃虫时期分别连续释放3次赤眼蜂，对棉铃虫具有很强控制作用，2，3代棉铃虫卵的被寄生率分别为66.0%~70.7%和76.0%~81.2%，均显著高于化防田的自然寄生率（2代：7.0%~12.3%，3代：5.2%~7.4%）；蕾铃被害率分别为2.2%和3.1%，均显著低于化防田（2代：8.5%，3代：20.9%；2代棉铃虫时期，放蜂田和化防田的棉铃虫卵量和幼虫数量差异均不显著，但3代棉铃虫以后，放蜂田棉铃虫卵量和幼虫数量均显著低于化防田，且放蜂田的捕食性天敌数量显著高于化防田。

A research platform was constructed for gene cloning and functional analysis in Eupatorium adenophorum in this study to provide a theoretical basis for the all-sided control of this malignant weed through the research in metabolic pathway related to allelochemical. By the study, we try to find out the coding gene of key enzyme which is related with the metabolism of allelochemical and clone some novel genes which can be used in agricultural production.

针对紫茎泽兰基因的克隆和功能分析建立了研究平台，通过开展紫茎泽兰的化感相关的代谢途径的研究，为这种恶性杂草的综合治理提供理论依据，以期能够找到调控化感物质代谢的关键酶的编码基因，发掘一些能够为农业生产所利用的新基因。

The results showed that allelochemicals of all 10 kinds of donor species have allelopathy on seed germination of Eupatorium adenophorum, and allelopathy increased with the enhancing of concentration.

结果表明：10种供体植物的化感物质对紫茎泽兰种子萌发均存在化感作用，并且随着浓度的升高，化感作用逐步增强，紫茎泽兰种子发芽速度指数比发芽率更为敏感。

The protoxylem vessels initiated lignification in the early stage of vascular bundle differentiation, whereas metaxylem vessels and fiber walls started lignification from the middle lamella and cell comers after completion of vascular bundle differentiation. The walls of most parenchyma cells lignified after the stem reached its full height, while a few parenchyma cells remained non-lignified even the culm is 7 years old.

研究结果表明：毛竹茎的原生木质部导管在维管束发育早期就已木质化；后生木质部导管和纤维细胞在维管束分化完成后，自胞间层和细胞角隅处开始木质化；基本薄壁组织细胞木质化的发生较晚，通常在茎的节间完成伸长生长后才开始，但也有少数薄壁组织细胞始终保持非木质化的薄壁状态。

The main results were showed as follows:Through screen and identification of morphology in M_2 and M_3, respectively, the mutants with mutative traits of plant were found. In which, 11 mutations were leaf variations, including light-green leaf, deep-green leaf, durative yellowish leaf, temporary yellowish leaf, inlaid yellowish leaf, wrinkly leaf, smooth-edged curly leaf, splitting-shaped curly leaf, peduncular-shaped leaf, round leaf and larger leaf, 12 were mutations on plant type, including excessive branches, lacking branches, highness, dwarf-like, erect posture, reclinate posture, strong stalk, slender stalk, tufty branches, wrinkled plant, purple stalk and hair-covered plant, 14 were flower variations, including dense flowers, light-yellow petals, white petals, white-mosaic petals, wrinkled petales, back-rolled petals, narrow petals, larger petals, smaller petals, apetalous flowers, variable-numbered petals, fertile pistil protraction, sterile pistil protraction and multi-anther, and 5 were physiologic mutants, including genic male sterile, cytoplasmic male sterile, bud-dead, and early and later bloom.

主要结果如下：通过田间M_2筛选和M_3重复鉴定，在田间农艺性状方面共获得浅绿叶色、深绿叶色、转绿黄化叶、持续黄化叶、边缘黄化叶、皱缩叶、光叶型卷叶、裂叶型卷叶、薹叶形叶、宽圆叶和大叶等11种不同的叶部性状突变体；同时还筛选到多分枝、少分枝、高杆、矮杆、株型紧凑、株型松散、粗茎、细茎、丛生分枝、整株皱缩、紫茎、整株被毛等12种植株性状突变体，密花、浅色花瓣、白色花瓣、白斑花瓣、皱瓣、卷瓣、窄瓣、大瓣、小瓣、无瓣、花瓣数目不定、可育型柱头外露、不育型柱头外露和多雄蕊等14种花器性状突变体，以及细胞核雄性不育、细胞质雄性不育、死蕾、早花和迟花等5种生理性状突变体。

Stems angular, glabrous. Radical leaves: stipules brown, membranous, abaxially glabrous; petiole glabrous; leaf blade with 7–9 pairs of leaflets; leaflets petiolulate, green on both surfaces, fasciated or fasciated lanceolate, 5–7 × 1.5–1.7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base subcordate to obliquely truncate or rounded, margin acutely incised serrate, apex rounded to acute; cauline leaves: stipules green, falcate, herbaceous, margin incised serrate; leaf blade resembling that of radical leaves but leaflets fewer and narrower higher up stem.

茎具角，无毛；胚根叶：托叶使成褐色，膜，背面无毛；叶柄无毛；叶片具7-9对小叶；具小叶柄的小叶，绿色在两面，扁化或者扁化， 5-7 * 1.5-1.7 厘米，两面无毛，基部近心形在斜截形或圆形，边缘尖锐锐裂状锯齿，先端圆形的到锐尖；茎生叶托叶绿色，镰刀形，草本，给锐裂状锯齿镶边；叶片象胚根叶的那但是高的更少和狭窄的小叶向上茎。

Bamboo first crystallizes then lignifies during bamboo shoot growth and basically forms crystal structure in one month. 1-year-old bamboo culm ends growth and its height,thickness, volume almost change little, but culm tissue is small and tender and there is more water and less substance in it. Bamboo crystal proportion keeps invariable during this period.2-year-old bamboo culm begin to lignify,its cellulose proportion debases and its crystal proportion decreases. Bamboo lignin debases, crystal proportion changes a little in the end of this period.Many-old-year bamboo culm crystal proportion is almost invariable. Freaky bamboo cell wall crystal region's thickness is less than normal bamboo's. Bamboo cross section crystal area and the ratio of long axis to short axis are less than normal bamboo's,and roundness,irregular index, the fiber cap density per unit area increase more than normal bamboo's.

竹笋生长阶段是先结晶后木素化的过程，一个月内细胞壁结晶组织基本形成；2）一年生竹材的植株秆茎生长结束，秆茎的高度、粗度和体积变化不大，但秆茎的组织幼嫩，含水量高，干物质少，竹材结晶度基本不变；3）二年生竹材的植株开始木质化，纤维素比例降低，结晶度减少，到后期竹子木质化降低，竹材结晶度变化不大；4）多年生竹材的结晶度没有太大的变化，结晶度大小处于波动状态；5）畸形竹材纤维帽细胞壁结晶区的厚度比正常竹小，其横截面结晶区的面积、纤维帽长轴与短轴比有所减少，而圆形度、异型指数有所加大，单位面积纤维帽的密度增大。

The results showed that MS medium was the optimal basic culture medium; the regeneration frequency of leaf was the highest , then etiolated internode, internode was the lowest , their highest regeneration frequencies were 74.1%, 51.9%, 42.6%, respectively. The optimal dark treatment time for leaf and internode was 3 weeks; however the optimal dark treatment time for etiolated internodes was 2 weeks.

结果表明3种外植体的最适基本培养基均为MS培养基；叶片的再生效果最好，其次为黄化茎段，茎段最差，最高再生频率分别为74.1%，51.9%，42.6%；叶片和茎段的最佳暗处理时间为3周，黄化茎段的最佳暗处理时间为2周。

The results showed that among three regulator combinations (2, 4-D KT and IBA), 2, 4-D2~3 mgL^(-1 treatment was the best with the highest callus induction rate, most of the explants induced callus and grew well. 2, 4-D2mgL^(-1+KT0.5mgL^(-1 treatment could induce callus from stem parts while the callus induced from the stem top was water-soaked and easy to be brown stained. KT4mgL^(-1 treatment could induce callus on some stems but was easy to be brown stained. KT4mgL^(-+IBA0.5mgL^(-1 treatment could induce callus but they grew very slowly.

试验结果表明：在3种生长调节剂(2， 4-D、KT、IBA)的组合中，以2，4-D2~3mgL^(-1效果最好，愈伤组织的诱导率最高，大部分外植体都能诱导出愈伤组织，生长良好；2，4-D 2mgL^(-1)+KT0.5mgL^(-1)能使部分茎段诱导出愈伤组织，而茎尖诱导的愈伤组织水渍化，易褐变；KT 4mgL^(-1)能使个别茎段有愈伤组织产生，但易褐化；KT 4mgL^(-1)+IBA 0.5mgL^(-1)能诱导出愈伤组织，但生长缓慢。

与茎化相关的网络解释 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]

etiolation：黄化现象

24.黄化现象(etiolation) 通常指植物在黑暗中生长时呈现黄色和形态结构变化的现象. 如呈现茎叶淡黄、茎杆细长、叶小而不伸展、组织分化程度低、机械组织不发达、水分多而干物重少等现象. 有时将因缺乏某些条件而影响叶绿素形成,

haulm shredder：茎叶粉碎机, 茎叶切碎机

fuel thickener 燃料稠化剂 凝油剂 | haulm shredder 茎叶粉碎机, 茎叶切碎机 | tracer laboratory 同位素示踪剂实验室

hectocotylus：化茎腕(交接腕)

hecogenin 龙舌兰皂苷配基 | hectocotylus 化茎腕(交接腕) | hederagenin 常青(藤苷)配基

fuel thickener：燃料稠化剂 凝油剂

rightist 右派 | fuel thickener 燃料稠化剂 凝油剂 | haulm shredder 茎叶粉碎机, 茎叶切碎机

antispadix：反茎化锥(头足类)

antiserum 抗血清 | antispadix 反茎化锥(头足类) | antispermotoxin 抗精子毒素

hectocotylization：化茎现象

heavy water 重水 | hectocotylization 化茎现象 | hectocotylized arm 交接腕

hectocotylization：茎化

06.1569 漏斗器 funnel organ | 06.1570 茎化 hectocotylization | 06.1571 茎化腕 hectocotylized arm

induviae：花被的存续部分;洮幓搵d在茎干上的叶

工业黑化 industrial melanism | 花被的存续部分;洮幓搵d在茎干上的叶 induviae | 两侧不等的 inequilateral

perfoliate：茎贯穿叶而生长的/贯穿性的

perfluorocarbon /全氟化碳/ | perfoliate /茎贯穿叶而生长的/贯穿性的/ | perforate /穿/穿孔于/刺穿/穿孔/穿过/有孔的/穿孔的/

styloid：花柱的; 茎突的; 茎状的 (形)

stylize 使风格化, 模仿别人的风格 (动) | styloid 花柱的; 茎突的; 茎状的 (形) | stylus 铁笔, 唱针, 尖笔 (名)