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Rapid eye movement sleep consists of a dreaming state in which there is activation of the cortical and hippocampal electroencephalogram, rapid eye movements, and loss of muscle tone. Although REM sleep was discovered more than 50 years ago, the neuronal circuits responsible for switching between REM and non-REM sleep remain poorly understood. Here we propose a brainstem flip-flop switch, consisting of mutually inhibitory REM-off and REM-on areas in the mesopontine tegmentum. Each side contains GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-ergic neurons that heavily innervate the other.
快动眼睡眠是一个包括有皮层和海马脑电活动的睡梦状态，可见眼球的快速运动和肌张力减低，尽管快动眼睡眠已经被发现50余年了，对其与非快动眼睡眠之间的神经回路却知之甚少，我们用脑干触发转换器，包括脑桥背盖区一个互相抑制的快动眼-关、快动眼-开区域，每侧均包含高度互相支配gamma氨基丁酸能神经元。
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objective to study mri diagnostic value on multiple sclerosis.methods mri examination data of 31 patients with multiple sclerosis were analysised retrospectively.results total 184 lesions were detectived in 31 patients.most lesions were located on white watter area beside the lateral ventricle,and a few lesions were located on the spinal cord,cerebellum,brain stem and corpus callosum.the shape of lesion can be circle or ellipse.the lesion showed as slightly long t1 and long t2 signal.the acute stage lesions can have enhancement.conclusions ms have characteristic findings on mri image.mri can show the patholoic changes,and provide strong evidence for clinic diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
摘 要］目的：探讨多发性硬化（muliplle sclerosis，ms）的mri特征表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾分析31例临床诊断为ms患者的mri检查资料。结果：31例共发现病灶184个，病灶于侧脑室旁白质区、半卵圆中心及皮层下区最多见，其次见于脊髓小脑、脑干及胼胝体，部分可见视神经受累，病灶呈卵圆形或圆形稍长t1、长t2信号，矢状位像见病灶与侧脑室垂直，急性病灶增强扫描有的可呈结节状、环状或斑点状强化。结论：在mri图像上ms有特征性表现，mri能反应ms病理变化，为临床诊断ms提供可靠依据。
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3 Patients were in the acutestage,〓FDG and 〓NH〓 PET showed brain stem infarction in 2 patients, while CT was normal. MRA of one of them showed right vertebral artery obstruction. One case showed focal infarction within the territory of the right middle cerebral artery 12 hours after stroke onset.〓NH〓 uptake was reduced in right frontoparietal lobe, putamen and part of thalamus, while hyperperfusion was observed in ipsilateral head of caudate nucleus and a portion of thalamus.
急性期3例，2例〓FDG和〓NH〓均示病灶位于右侧脑干为放射性缺损区，CT检查均未显示，1例MRA示右侧椎动脉阻塞：另1例〓FDG示病灶在右侧大脑中动脉区域，与12小时CT所示病灶范围相同，但12小时的〓NH〓示右侧额、顶叶，壳核和部分丘脑为放射性减低和缺损区，而同侧尾状核头部和部分丘脑为过度灌注；发病24小时〓FDG显示除〓NH〓所见缺损区外，右侧额、顶叶部分区域和右侧尾状核头部代谢异常增高，血流和代谢有不一致处。
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The model of brain concussion of rat can be established successfully using iron pendulum hitting device; 2. The spatial learning and memory deficits of the rats are detected by MWM in early period post-BC(from 1 to 3 days after BC); 3. Pycnosis degeneration or necrosis neurons of the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, dentate fornix and brainstem reticular formation are identified in BC rats; 4. There are significantly changes in the number and activity of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and brainstem reticular formation after BC; 5. The change of cerebral neurons and cholinergic neurons correlate with cognitive deficits in BC rats .
1、单摆式闭合性机械打击装置能成功建立脑震荡大鼠模型；2、脑震荡大鼠在MWM实验中出现早期空间认知行为障碍；3、脑震荡大鼠大脑皮质、背侧海马、齿状回和脑干网状结构出现程度不等的部分神经元固缩变性和不完全性坏死；4、脑震荡大鼠基底前脑、脑干网状结构ChAT活性表达有明显变化；5、脑震荡大鼠认知障碍与相关脑区神经元、胆碱能神经元的变化有关联。
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Although classic neuroimaging features of RPLS with involvement of the posterior head regions are easily recognized, features that may generally be regarded as atypical were often present in our patients, such as significant anterior involvement, cortical lesions, recurrent RPLS episodes, foci of permanent injury, hemorrhage into lesions, and unilaterality (Figure 1). High signal intensity on T2-weighted image lesions can occur in regions other than the parieto-occipital areas, frequently involving the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, thalami, or brainstem.
可逆性后部白质脑病综合征典型的神经影像学表现为大脑后部受累，尽管这一点很早就被公认；但可逆性后部白质脑病综合征不典型的神经影像学表现，在本文的患者中则更常见，如：大脑前部明显受累、皮层出现病灶、可逆性后部白质脑病综合征再次发作、脑永久性损伤灶形成、病灶内出血、仅见单侧病灶（图1）；T2像常可于额叶、基底节区、丘脑、脑干等顶-枕叶以外的区域见高信号病灶。
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The efferent projections of hypothalamic and brain stem nucleuses to nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi were studied by means of the retrograde axonal transport of HRP technique in cats.
本文用HRP轴突逆行输送法，对猫下丘脑和脑干一些核向迷走神经背核的传出投射进行了研究。将HRP注射至迷走神经背核后，较多的标记细胞见于同侧下丘脑的室旁核、背内侧核以及中脑的中央灰质和被盖腹内侧区。
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In addition to the pons positive neurons were also found in cerebellum, most nucleus of thalamus and hypothalamus, and corpus striatum of chicken.
鸡脑阳性神经元除广泛分布于脑干外，小脑、丘脑的多数核团、下丘脑的背侧核、腹侧核和后核以及大脑纹状体等多数脑区也有一定分布。
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hemiparalysis：偏瘫
五、偏瘫(hemiparalysis) 同一侧上肢及下肢肌肉瘫痪称为偏瘫. 有时伴有同侧下面部肌肉及舌肌的瘫痪. 病因自大脑皮质运动区开始经内囊、脑干至脊髓前角细胞之间的神经径路的任何部位病变,均可产生偏瘫,起病隐袭,呈缓慢进行性发展的偏瘫,