- 更多网络例句与胚胎相关的网络例句 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]
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Porcine was acted as the experimental animal. It was researched on problem of the origin of obtaining early embryonic cells, methods of separating blastomere cells, best parameter and order of ECNT embryo electric activation and system of ECNT embryo IVC, which was to find a scientific method of fitting ECNT and a procedure of fitting the lab producing embryos largely, optimize the procedure of ECNT and improve the ECNT embryo in vitro.
本实验以猪为实验动物，对猪胚胎细胞核移植供体的来源、卵裂球细胞分离方法、核移植重建胚的电激活最佳参数、核移植受体的激活时序以及核移植重建胚体外培养系统相关问题进行了研究，旨在探索一种适用于猪胚胎细胞核移植的科学方法，提高猪胚胎细胞核移植胚胎的体外发育率，优化胚胎细胞核移植程序。
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Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.
结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。
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Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cyto-plasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methy-lation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribu-tion of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.
结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。
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Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastcysts fellowed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro.After fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos was very high as well as two-cell diploid embryos in vivo.Then the embryos was rapiddly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus fused completely.After that, the DNA methylation levels of fused embryos were gradually increased until the blastocysts stage.However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation was established in an vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than in the trophectoderm, in most vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution.
结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在囊胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。
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B Of the six basic media MS, MS1/2 (half-strength of MS salts and vitamins), WPM, DKW, B5 and SH, MS1/2 was the most proper one to induce somatic embryos. Somatic embryos generally regenerated directly from excised zygotic cotyledons. PGRs combination affected somatic embryogenesis significantly. Medium with NAA 1mg/L, TDZ 0.05mg/L, IBA 2—10mg/L combined with BA 10mg/L, or IBA 10mg/L integrated with BA 0-2mg/L gave the highest induction rate. Excised zygotic hypocotyls had the strongest potential to produce callus. Callus induction was also affected significantly by media and PGRs. The proper callus induction condition was MS1/2 medium containing NAA 1mg/L, IBA 10mg/L, BA 2-5mg/L and TDZ 0.05mg/L. Harvest period affect somatic embryogenesis significantly. Zygotic embryo explants collected from the end of July to the middle of August had strong potential to generate somatic embryos, when endosperm finished solidification, different parts of the embryos were completely formed, the size of embryos occupied about 2/3 of the embryo sac. Provided with optimized conditions, direct somatic embryogenesis rate can attain to 33. 68%, and callus induction rate of hypocotyls was up to 90.7%. Cytological observation on megasporogenesis and zygotic embryogenesis of Manchurian ash showed that the ovary was twicarpellum, twilocular with two ovules each loculus. The ovule was tenuinucellar and anatropous, with one megasporcocyte. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygoum type.
体细胞胚胎发生研究的结果表明：(1)成熟过程中的合子胚是诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的最佳外植体材料；(2)在所试验到的MS、MS1/2（将MS的所有成分均减半）、WPM、DKW、B〓、SH等六种基本培养基中，MS1/2是最适合诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的基本培养基；(3)水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生以直接发生为主，体细胞胚主要来自于从合子胚分离的完整子叶；(4)培养基中的激素组合对水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响，诱导直接体细胞胚发生较好的激素组合有NAA 1mg/L+IBA 2，5，10mg/L+BA 10mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L和NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 0，2mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L；(5)合子胚分离的下胚轴具有最强的愈伤组织诱导潜力，少数愈伤组织可以分化出体细胞胚；(6)愈伤组织的诱导也受培养基和激素配比的显著影响，最适宜诱导的培养条件为MS1/2+NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 2，5mg/L+TDZ0.05mg/L；(7)采种时间对体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响。7月末到8月中旬的合子胚具有较强的体细胞胚发生潜力，此时种子尚未成熟，胚乳已呈固态，种胚的各个部分已分化完全，种胚体积占胚腔的大约2/3；(8)在各自综合的最适条件下，完整子叶的体细胞胚诱导率可达33.68%，下胚轴的愈伤组织诱导率可达90.7%。
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Bilaminar embryo 双层胚胎期--Human embryo in the 2nd week of gestation.
怀孕两个礼拜时对人类胚胎的称呼。
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The results of study show:1. White pulp and red pulp in parenchyma of spleen of embryo can be obviously discerned after 18 days. Periarterial lymphoid sheath and ellipsoid periarterial lymphoid sheath also can be obviously discerned in spleen of 4 days chicken. T, B lymphocytes in appendix basement of embryo emerge after 20 days. It is the initial shape of cecal tonsil. Crypt structure of conjunction of esophago and stomachus glandularis form obviously at 4 days. It is the initial shape of esophago tonsil. The germinal center firstly emerges in these three organs at 14 days. With the increase of day age, the characteristic structure peripheral immune organs gradually develop mature. Spleen achieve mature at 21 days and cecal tonsil at 35 days.2. IgM~+ and IgA~+ cells in spleen of embryo emerge at 15 days. IgG~+ cell, CD3~+ and CD8~+T lymphocytes of embryo emerge at 20 days. CD3~+, CD8~+ and IgM~+ cells in cecal tonsil of embryo emerge at 20 days. However CD4~+, IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells all emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust. CD3~+, CD4~+, CD8~+, IgM~+ and IgG~+ cells in esophago tonsil of embryo all emerge at 20 days. However IgA~+ cells emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust.3. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs increase follow with the increase of day age, and hold an upgrade tendency. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in spleen achieved stabilization at 21 days, and in tonsil of esophago and appendix at 35 days.
研究结果表明：1、在组织结构方面，脾脏实质内的白髓与红髓在胚胎18日龄后明显可辨，4日龄雏鸡脾脏中形成明显可辨的动脉周围淋巴鞘和椭球周围淋巴鞘；盲肠基部T、B淋巴细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，即初步形成盲肠扁桃体；食管与腺胃结合处在4日龄时形成明显的隐窝结构，即食管扁桃体初步形成；14日龄时，三种器官中首次出现生发中心；随着日龄的增长，外周免疫器官特征结构不断发育成熟，脾脏在21日龄时达到成熟水平，盲肠扁桃体和食管扁桃体在35日龄时达到成熟水平。2、在T、B淋巴细胞出现时间方面，脾脏中IgM~+和IgA~+细胞在胚胎15日龄时开始出现，IgG~+细胞、CD3~+和CD8~+T淋巴细胞在胚胎18日龄时出现，CD4~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时出现；盲肠扁桃体中CD3~+、CD8~+和IgM~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而CD4~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞均在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现；食管扁桃体中CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、IgM~+和IgG~+细胞均在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而IgA~+细胞则在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现。3、在T、B淋巴细胞数量变化方面，外周免疫器官中T、B淋巴细胞的数量随日龄增长，整体均呈上升趋势。
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At the one-cell stage, each embryo was injected with gradient doses of 2-8ng MO. The control morpholino, was purchased from Gene-Tools.To test the knockdown effectiveness of the morpholino, the tbx2-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) construct was generated. And coinjection of morpholino with mRNA tests its specificity of the morpholino. Overexpression of tbx2 via mRNA microinjection helps us understand gaining function of tbx2. Results The tbx2-EGFP construct tests the knockdown effectiveness of the morpholino. Zebrafish embryos lacking tbx2 function have defects in cardiac contractility, rhythm and morphology in a dose-dependent manner. The embryos with c-MO are normal in development. Coinjection of morpholino with mRNA rescue the phenotype of tbx2 knocking down. The phenotypes include pericardial edema, hypogenetic ventricle, dilation of atria, arrhythmia, bradycardia, asystole, abnormal atrioventricular canal, aberrant valve and blood regurgitation.
结果荧光蛋白融合标记实验验证了tbx2-MO可以很好得阻抑斑马鱼胚胎tbx2的表达，tbx2-MO组胚胎在心脏收缩性、节律和形态学发生上出现了异常，心脏畸形随着注射剂量的增加而出现比较一致的表型，而c-MO组胚胎没有出现明显的畸形；tbx2-mRNA和tbx2-MO的共注射减少了tbx2-MO胚胎心脏畸形的发生率及减轻了心脏畸形的程度，验证了所设计合成的tbx2-MO对tbx2基因的抑制作用具有特异性；tbx2-MO组胚胎心脏缺陷包括心室发育不良、心房扩张、房室管和瓣膜异常以及心率缓慢、心律不齐、心脏停搏、血液返流等，并根据心脏发育异常的程度分为轻、中、重度畸形组tbx2-mRNA基因过表达胚胎没有见到心腔的形成。
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Opportunistically expressed (usually at the basal levels of transcription), but still permit the continued expression of genes that are regulated by strong promoters/enhancers (such as housing-keeping gene), the expresison of these genes might play a key role in the embryonic development; 5 The sum of these two opposing processes-activation and repression-would dictate the final pattern of gene expression that manifests itself as a dramatic reprogramming of gene expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition and support further embryonic development.
这些基因的表达对于胚胎的后继发育可能是至关重要的；5）通过胚胎基因表达的激活与抑制：这两个作用相反的机制依不同时间顺序协同作用于胚胎基因，从而在指导胚胎发育的控制权由母源性表达产物移交到胚胎特异的基因表达产物的过程中&再程序化&胚胎基因的表达，形成特定的表达模式，以支持胚胎的后继发育。
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In this study, we used mRNA Differential Display to analysis the change of gene expression pattern of mouse embryo in the above two stages and the effect of releasing the transcriptionally repressive state on the embryonic development.
为了研究胚胎发育早期基因表达模式的变化及其生理意义，我们使用mRNA差异显示的方法分析了小鼠胚胎基因组激活初期（1-2细胞胚胎）表达的mRNA及随后在二细胞胚胎中转录呈抑制状态的基因表达产物，并探讨了解除二细胞胚胎中转录抑制状态对胚胎后继发育的影响。
- 更多网络解释与胚胎相关的网络解释 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]
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embryonal carcinosarcoma：韦尔姆斯氏瘤,维尔姆斯氏瘤,胚胎性癌肉瘤
embryonal carcinoma of testis 睾丸胚胎性癌 | embryonal carcinosarcoma 韦尔姆斯氏瘤,维尔姆斯氏瘤,胚胎性癌肉瘤 | embryonal carcinosarcoma of lung 肺胚胎性癌肉瘤
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embryo transfer：胚胎移植
胚胎移植(embryo transfer)是将一头良种母畜配种后的早期胚胎取出,移植到另一头同种的生理状态相同的母畜体内,使其继续发育为新个体,其技术环节包括收集、检查、培养、保存和移植等几个基本步骤,由于胚胎移植时,希望一次从供体母畜得到较多胚胎,
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embryo transfer：胚胎植入
胚胎植入(Embryo transfer)的挑选不外乎从观察形态及分裂速率著手. 然而有文献指出,在动物模式中,胚胎分裂速度较快的胚胎通常是雄性的(Avery et al, 1991). 1995年Tarin等人在人类生殖期刊(Human Reproduction)发表的文章中,
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embryo transfer：胚胎转移
embryo sac 胚囊 | embryo transfer 胚胎转移 | embryogenesis 胚胎发生,胚胎发育
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embryogenesis：胚胎发生,胚胎发育
embryo transfer 胚胎转移 | embryogenesis 胚胎发生,胚胎发育 | embryogeny 胚胎发生,胚胎发育
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embryogeny：胚胎发生,胚胎发育
embryogenesis 胚胎发生,胚胎发育 | embryogeny 胚胎发生,胚胎发育 | embryology 胚胎学
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embryoid：胚胎样的 胚状体
embryography 胚胎描记法 | embryoid 胚胎样的,胚状体 | embryoism 胚胎状态
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experimental embryology：实验胚胎学
③实验胚胎学(experimental embryology):对胚胎或体外培养的胚胎组织给予化学或物理等因素作用,观察其对胚胎发育的影响,以研究胚胎发育的内在规律与机理.
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human embryology：人体胚胎学
人体胚胎学(human embryology)是研究人体胚胎发生及其发生机制的科学,其研究内容包括生殖细胞发生、受精、胚胎发育、胚胎与母体的关系及先天畸形等. (一)双胎 双胎(twins)又称孪生,指1次妊娠形成2个胎儿的现象. 双胎有两种:双卵双胎和单卵双胎.
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embryonic development：胚胎发育
除孤雌生殖的种类外昆虫的个体发育(ontogenesis)是从合子形成 开始的.但近期的研究表明,果蝇卵细胞在产生过程中就已经参与快速胚胎 发育.加之胚胎发育又在卵中进行,所以在讨论昆虫个体发育过程时,常以 胚胎发育(embryonic development)为基点,把胚胎发育前的精,