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X-ray diffraction is one of the most common and efficient ways to measure a superlattice structure. This dissertation displays the detail results for characterization of Ge〓Si〓/Si superlattices by x-ray diffraction (including x-ray small angle diffraction and double crystal diffraction). It was found, when the growth temperature is lower, the intensities of xray small angle diffraction peaks are modulated by a periodical function, which indicates that both sets of interfaces of the superlattice is highly flat; when the growth temperature is higher, the diffraction peak intensities are simply decay with the increase of diffraction vector, which indicates that one set of interfaces is highly flat but another is not; when the growth temperature is very high, the diffraction peaks are reduced more rapidly, which indicates that both sets of interfaces are not ideal.
本文详细介绍了用X-射线衍射(包括X-射线小角衍射和双晶衍射)方法对Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格结构特性测试的结果,尤其是发现,当Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格的生长温度较低时,X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢的增加而周期性调制,表明超晶格的两套界面都十分平整;当生长温度较高时,Ge〓Si〓Si超晶格的X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢呈简单的衰减变化,对应于超晶格内有一套界面不平整的情况;当生长温度进一步提高时,X-射线小角衍射峰明显减少,表明超晶格内两套界面都不理想。
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The results were as follows.(1) In the backward handspring, the trajectory of CM and horizontal velocity of CM in junior-high and college gymnasts were lower and higher than those of senior-high gymnast, so the vertical velocity is better when they perform tucked backward somersault. College gymnast has higher vertical velocity than junior-high and senior-high gymnasts in take-off moment of backward handspring phase.(2) Senior-high and college gymnasts have more elbow and shoulder angle in take-off moment of backward handspring and tucked backward somersault phase. Therefore, angle of both arm is bigger for performing in hand push away phase in the backward handspring, and increased the reaction force with body in the tucked backward handspring.(3) College gymnast has large knee flexions in hand support and push away moment in the backward handspring, it would increase rotation radius and better moments of inertia in the backward handspring.
结果显示:在后手翻阶段中,较低的重心轨迹和较高的水平速,有於后续空翻的垂直速;大专选手在后手翻阶段起跳瞬间有较高的垂直速;高中及大专选手在后手翻起跳脚地瞬间和团身后空翻起跳脚地瞬间时,肘、肩关节角皆大於国中选手,使其在后手翻起跳地瞬间时,双臂的伸展於后手翻的手推地面的动作,而团身后空翻起跳脚地时,双臂向上摆於身体向上伸展方向的掌握,并使重心有一定的腾空高;大专选手在后手翻阶段的手著地瞬间和手地瞬间的膝关节角较大於高中和国中选手,使其可增加身体的旋转半径,并能获得较佳的下摆动能,而膝关节角小则形成屈膝的动作,导致重心水平速低,减少下摆动能和影响整体动作的节奏和韵。
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The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.
理论分析和试验研究表明: 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的,具有摩擦动力学的本质,任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响; 2中心轴向载荷作用下,载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高,载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小,足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响; 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下,径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变,但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动,出现新的频峰,过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触,使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态; 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响,良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用,润滑不充分时,振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高,一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振,发出啸声,造成接触表面的伤害,无润滑干接触时,短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面,使振动和噪声迅速增大,并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效;接触副润滑良好时,油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高,润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时,振动的幅度总体升高,但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性;浙江大学博士学位论文:球轴承振动的研究 5低速时,球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态,随着转速的提高,球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定,固有频率频峰升高; 6理论分析表明,干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动,振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比,实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀,波纹度的激励作用会随时发生;润滑接触的分析表明,波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动; 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明,球轴承尺寸越大,径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低;钢球中心圆直径增大,球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变,角振动的固有频率有所上升,振动的幅频特性基本不变;径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低,轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高,径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高,而轴向和角向降低;钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升,幅频特性的幅值下降,径向振动的幅值下降最为明显;外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高,轴向和角振动的固有频率降低,径向幅频特性基本不变,轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高;内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降,振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高; 8试验对比表明,传感器采用探针式安装时,由于探针接触副接触特性的影响,钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真,采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承,以固定式安装加速度计,首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号,通过对振动信号的分析,验证了球轴承振动的理论模型; 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析,以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界,FPE做判阶准则,给出的AR谱光滑,频率分辨率高,是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段; 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间,时间间隔,频率范围,同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段,可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。
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In addition, spot color screen angle in software will normally be preset to 45 ° c (45-degree, is considered the most comfortable utilizinghuman-aware, so that the angle of the dot is arranged in horizontal and vertical lines to equal rotation, you can reduce the human ability to mesh point detection), if a Duotone image or data file into the existing business card printing and membership card making four color black%(General in the four-colour screen business card printing and membership card-making Black mesh point-and-drop, in a 45-degree is 0 degrees for yellow, magenta to 15 degrees, 75 degrees), and spot color, or with more than two spot colors, the color screen is to a 45-degree output, so use the spot color, while if it is possible with other screening to overprint colors, you must open the output color separation software color settings or the print dialog box, on the halftone angles to make modifications.
另外,专色的增网角量在软件洋凡是城市预撤为45量(45量均被觉得是人眼感知最安适的角量,让网不背摆列在与程量和垂直线不败不等角量的标的目的上可以裁减人眼差网不背的发现本领),若是一个单色调影像或是数据文件洋既有制卡和会员卡制息四色暗不败外(凡是在四色增网制卡和会员卡制息洋,不兵暗网不背不收在45量,黄为0量、品赤为15 量、青为75量),又有专色,或者是有两个以上专色,则在分色增网时城市以45量输入,所以在差专色搁置浅网时,如果有不定与其他增网颜色有叠印,则务必在分色输入时开放软件颜色撤定或打印撤定的差话框,差专色增网角量举动编削。
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There was a slightly increase of Fv/Fm in Cha. gracilis at 35C, which suggested there maybe an increase in the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane, which caused an acceleration of electron transport.
但当温度为35℃时角刺藻的Fv/Fm有轻微的升高,可能是此温度活化了角刺藻的类囊体膜从而促进电子传递的缘故。
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Choosing Huzigou as the experimental site, the elevation, azimuth, hour angle and so on of the surrounding undulating terrain was measured. The solar visual orbit map was developed and the solar visual orbit equation was applied to calculate the solar elevation angle of morning shelter and dark shelter and the sunshine hours.
方法]选择户子沟为试验点,实地测量周围起伏地形的仰角、方位角、时角等,绘制太阳视轨道图,应用太阳视轨道方程,计算出晨蔽、昏蔽太阳高度角,进而计算出日照时数。
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The modeling simulation and analysis is focused on the performance of the tracking loop, the influence of the parameter variety, the performance of the tracking loop when considering the shooter model, and isolation degree of the test.
对导引头角跟踪回路进行了仿真和分析,从跟踪回路的跟踪性能、参数变化对回路性能的影响、考虑射手模型时角跟踪回路的性能、隔离度测试等方面进行了分析和验证。
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The article analyses angle distribution of radiant energy flow density and angle distribution of radiant power when an electric dipole is oscillating along polar axis in magnetic anisotropic medium,also compares them with the expression of that in isotropic medium;thereby,a theoretical basis for more effectly using electric isotropic and magnetic anisotropic medium is obtained.
分析振荡电偶极子在各向异性磁媒质中沿极轴振荡时其辐射能流密度的角分布和辐射功率的角分布情况,并与各向同性媒质中振荡电偶极子沿极轴振荡时辐射能流密度的角分布和辐射功率的角分布情况进行对比,得出更有效地利用电各向同性磁各向异性媒质的理论依据。y
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Therefore, the relations among tidal inlet velocity, cross-sectional area, inlet length, phase lag and repletion coefficient as well as the effect of drift sand along the coast on the inlet have to be analyzed.
综合论述了潟湖潮汐通道口门之流速、断面面积、通道长度、延时角和饱满系数之间的关系,以及沿岸漂沙对口门的影响。
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In the normal uterus, Cytokeratins immunolabelling were detected in glandular cell, luminal epithelial cell, Vimentin immunolabelling were detected in stromal cell and endoblastic cell; CK7 immunolabelling were not detected in any tissue of the yak utenus.
研究结果显示:未妊娠时,泛角蛋白在子宫内膜腺上皮细胞、腔上皮细胞内表达,波形蛋白在子宫内膜基质细胞内表达,平滑肌肌动蛋白在子宫平滑肌和血管平滑肌内表达,牦牛子宫任何部位均不表达角蛋白7;妊娠30天左右时,泛角蛋白在子宫内膜腺上皮细胞、子宫内膜腔上皮细胞、滋养层细胞、内胚层细胞和尿囊细胞内表达,波形蛋白在子宫内膜基质细胞和内胚层细胞内表达,平滑肌肌动蛋白在子宫平滑肌和血管平滑肌内表达,角蛋白7在尿囊细胞内表达,偶尔在腔上皮细胞的细胞核边缘表达;消化法进行原代培养时,组织经胶原酶消化并通过100目和400目筛网组合可以有效地分离原代子宫内膜基质细胞和子宫内膜腺上皮细胞;分离得到的子宫内膜基质细胞活率达90%以上,并可在体外传代7次以上;分离得到的子宫内膜腺上皮细胞活率可达85%以上,并可在体外传代5次以上;RPMI1640培养基最适合子宫内膜基质细胞和子宫内膜腺上皮细胞的生长,维持子宫内膜基质细胞正常生长的FBS添加量为20%,维持子宫内膜腺上皮细胞正常生长的胎牛血清添加量为30%。
- 更多网络解释与时角相关的网络解释 [注:此内容来源于网络,仅供参考]
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hour angle:时角
当天文学家要寻找一颗位置已知的星的时候,他只要先望一望恒星时钟,从恒星时中减去该星的赤经,便得到它的当时的"时角"(hour angle),或者说在子午圈偏东或偏西的距离.
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hour angle:时角,子午圈角
hour 时 | hour angle 时角,子午圈角 | hour angle difference 子午圈角差,时角差
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Greenwich hour angle:格林尼治时角
Greenwich civil time 格林尼治民用时 | Greenwich hour angle 格林尼治时角 | Greenwich mean time 格林尼治均时
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Greenwich hour angle:格林时角
Greenwich hour angle 格林尼治时角 | Greenwich hour angle 格林时角 | Greenwich interval 格林时间间隙
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Greenwich hour angle:格林威治时角
格林威治民用时 Greenwich civil time | 格林威治时角 Greenwich hour angle | 格林威冶平恒星时 Greenwich mea sidereal time
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sidereal hour angle:恒星时角共轭赤经
sidereal hour angle 共轭赤经 | sidereal hour angle 恒星时角共轭赤经 | sidereal noon 恒午(恒星时零点
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sidereal hour angle:恒星时角
恒星时计,恒昨时表 sidereal clock | 恒星时角 sidereal hour angle | 恒星时距 sidereal interval
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hour angle difference:子午圈角差,时角差
hour angle 时角,子午圈角 | hour angle difference 子午圈角差,时角差 | hour angle hyperbola 时角方位图
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hour angle hyperbola:时角方位图
hour angle difference 子午角差 | hour angle hyperbola 时角方位图 | hour angle of apparent sun 视太阳时角
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time azimuth:时间方位,时角求方位法
time axis ==> 时轴,极轴 | time azimuth ==> 时间方位,时角求方位法 | time azimuth table ==> 时间方位表