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It shows that BTH and its metabolites have no immediate activity against pathogens and are in accordance with criterion of chemical elicitor.
组织病理学研究表明，BTH处理小麦后接种，并不抑制分生孢子的萌发和附着胞的形成，只是菌落的发展在很大程度上受到了抑制，表现为畸形附着胞数目增加、侵入率降低、侵入速率减小、菌落扩展速率减小、产孢率降低。
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The results showed that: at metaphase I, the homoeologous chromosome pairing among different F1 hybrids ranged from 2.0 to 11.4 bi-valents formed by homoeologous chromosomes per pollen mother cell, and very few multivalents, and even very few bivalents were formed by two chromosomes within one genome rather than homoeologous chromosomes in some PMCs; at anaphase I, all biva-lents were disjoined and most univalents were divided.
结果表明在中期I阶段，这些杂种一代的近缘染色体联会变化很大，每个花粉母细胞中二价体形成的数目从平均2个到11.4个不等，甚至在某些花粉母细胞中，还发现极少的多价体和非部分同源染色体所形成的单基因组内二价体；在后期I时，所有的二价体分离，同时多数单价体也分离，分离的二价体和分离的单价体都移向两极，从而形成两组染色体；因为这时完整花粉母细胞中分离的二价体在两组染色体中总是对应出现，从而根据半二价体上染色体重组的位置可以分析在二价体的四分体时期发生在非姊妹染色体之间的多种染色体交换类型，如单交换、三线双交换、四线双交换、四线三交换和四线多交换。
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At a certain range, habitat loss and its spatial structure can benefit the control of the epidemic disease, which indicates the possibility of using human disturbance in habitat as a potential epidemic-control method in conservation.(6) Not only the quantity of habitat loss but also the spatial correlations of patch types caused by nonrandom habitat loss affect the invasion and transmission of disease. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) hinders the parasitic infection, which also indicates that whether the spatial heterogeneity benefits or hinders the invasion is dependent on the considered ecological process.(7) Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) form a trade-off in determining the host-parasite dynamics.(8) Within a certain range of habitat loss, host can counterbalance the positive and negative effects, and shows a rising tendency.(9) The epidemic is more likely to break out in the prey-predator system if only a small amount of habitat loss.(10) A highly aggregated distribution of species is a common behavioral strategy when dealing with habitat loss or other environmental stresses.(11) The parasite-host/prey-predator eco-epidemiological systems have the similar mechanism with the intraguild predation systems, and the predator acts as the intraguild predation, the infected prey acts as intraguild prey, and the susceptible prey acts as shared resource.(12) Species at the highest trophic level are no longer affected the most by habitat loss, which depend not only on the biological mechanism but also on the external environmental disturbances.
随着邻体数目的增加，病毒的感染力度变得更大而且在空间上形成聚集的波形；(5)生境破坏及其空间结构在一定范围内有利于疾病的控制，这暗示人为对生境的干扰可作为疾病控制的一个潜在方法；(6)生境破坏的数量以及不同类型生境的空间分布格局都显著地影响了寄生病毒的入侵和传播，生境破碎化程度越高(高丧失斑块的数量或低聚集程度)，将越有害于病毒的入侵和传播，这暗示了空间异质性是否有益于物种的入侵依赖于所考虑的生态过程；(7)由生境破坏引起的空间异质性的两个组分之间存在负偶联关系trade-off(8在适度的生境破坏范围内，宿主种群能够平衡生境破坏带来的正负两种效应并呈现增长趋势；(9)在捕食-食饵系统中，寄生感染病毒极有可能在生境破坏量较低时爆发；(10)物种在面临生境破坏或者其它环境压力时表现出更高的聚集分布策略；(11)寄生-宿主/食饵-捕食生态传染病系统与共位捕食食物网结构具有相似的生物机制，其中捕食者扮演共位捕食者的角色，已感染食饵作为共位食饵，易感染食饵扮作共同消耗的资源；(12)位于最高营养级水平的种群对生境破坏的响应不一定是最敏感的，这不仅依赖于内在的生物机制同时也依赖于外在的环境干扰。
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malarial pigment：疟色素
未被利用的血红蛋白分解成正铁血红素颗粒蓄积在原浆内呈棕褐色 称为疟色素(malarial pigment). 大滋养体继续发育 其核与原浆进行分裂 形成裂殖体(schizont). 原虫种的不同裂殖体中裂殖子的数目也不一样 成熟后裂殖子数一般间日疟为12~24个 恶性疟为18~36个 三日疟和卵形疟为6~12个.
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primary spermatocyte：初级精母细胞
(2)初级精母细胞(primary spermatocyte)这类细胞的体积比精原细胞大. 细胞核的DNA经过复制后,细胞进行第一次成熟分裂,分裂后的细胞染色体的数目减少一半,所形成的两个次级精母细胞,一个含有22条常染色体和一条X染色体,另一个含有22条常染色体和一条Y染色体.
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Bulk Up：发胀 涌起 胀大 形成大数目
Guise: n. 伪装,外观 | Derivative:adj. 引出的 | Bulk up:发胀; 涌起; 胀大; 形成大数目
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Bulk Up：发胀,涌起,形成大数目
on the upswing 正在高涨 | bulk up 发胀,涌起,形成大数目 | battalion 军营,军队
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Lattices：晶格
另外,关于理论计算,常遇到临界条件(boundary conditions)设定的议题,他举例如果在cubic BNC系统中计算时,如果设定的结晶格体积内原子数目越多,相当于晶格(lattices)越大,那么在形成能量(formation energy,