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The traditional Caste System divides the followers of Hinduism into four castes according to the theories of Hinduism. They are Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra.
传统的种姓制度按照印度教的理论把印度教徒划分为四个种姓:婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍和首陀罗。
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The Brahmin caste was to be the priests and teachers; the Rajanya represents the king, head of the warrior or Kshatriya caste; Vaishyas are the merchants, craftsmen, and farmers; and the Sudras are the workers.
种姓的婆罗门将是牧师和教师;的Rajanya代表国王,团长战士或Kshatriya种姓;吠舍是商人,手工业者,农民和首陀罗是工人。
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As far as the magnum opus Hindu laws of Manu is concerned, the core of law is the maintenance of caste system, through the establishment of Brahman、Kshatriya、Vaishya、Shudra these four different but changeless legal status, and makes the status sacred, which apparently extrudes the religionization of the law.
就古印度法的代表作《摩奴法典》而言,法典的核心就是维护种姓制度,通过确立婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍、首陀罗四个原始种姓不同但又固定不变的法律地位,并使这一固定不变的法律地位加以神圣化,就这一点而言笔者以为明显突出古印度法律宗教化的色彩。
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While blood-brothers to the Rajputs, while their brethren hail entirely from the Kshatriya caste, the Jats contain a multitude of Shudra or Vaishya peasants, known for being both hard-working farmers and diligent warriors albeit without the proud origins of Jat or Rajput Kshatriya.
然而他们和有血亲关系的拉起普特人,这些完全来自于刹帝利种姓的兄弟不同,贾特人中有大量的首陀罗和吠舍。他们是众所周知的勤劳农民和勤苦斗士,尽管他们不具备引以为豪的贾特血统或者拉其普特人的武士种姓刹帝利。
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Believed by most to be descendants of the original Indo-Aryan invaders mixed with the later Sakae and Kushans, the Jats have been amongst the oldest of the natives to Sindh.
多数贾特人相信自己是古代印度-雅利安族侵略者与后来的卡萨人和贵霜人混血的后裔,贾特人在信德属于最古老的民族,渊源等同于他们的血亲拉奇普特,而他们的兄弟完全属于刹帝利阶层,贾特人之中虽然没有拉其普特人引以自豪的刹帝利阶层,但包含众多的首陀罗和吠舍阶层,既辛勤工作的农民和战士。
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This traditional dharma applies theoretically to all Hindus, but it is superseded by the more particular dharmas that are appropriate to each of the four major varnas, or classes of society: Brahmans, Ksatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras.
这种传统的法规理论上是应用于所有的印度教信徒,但实际上被更加详细的律法所取代,适用于四个主要种姓,或者是社会阶级的每一个人:婆罗门,刹帝利,吠舍和首陀罗。
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Vajpargee, Atal Bihari:瓦杰帕伊
Vaisya 吠舍 | Vajpargee, Atal Bihari 瓦杰帕伊 | Van Gogh 梵高
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Caste System:種姓制度
注:种姓制度(caste system)是对社会群体的宗教划分,古代印度人被分为四个种姓. 婆罗门:代表神庙的宗教官员 刹帝利:代表帝王将相; 吠舍:代表平民; 首陀罗:阿富汗女孩的昨天与今天,
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Kshatriya:刹帝利
按照婆罗门(Brahman)教义的解释,婆罗门(Brahman)是从梵天的口中出生的,刹帝利(Kshatriya)是从梵天的双臂出生的,吠舍(Vaisya)是从梵天的腹部出生的,而首陀罗(Sudra)是从梵天的足部出生的.
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Miniature Pinscher:迷你品犬
迷你品犬(Miniature Pinscher)又名小鹿犬、袖珍猎犬、小宾舍尔犬 该犬的行进姿态很有活力,走路时腿高高抬起,宛若马步;跑起来昂首挺胸,仿佛鹿奔. 迷你品犬具有很好的猎犬特质,敏捷、开朗、自信. 对主人热情忠实,对陌生人不客气,吠声响亮,
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sudra:首陀罗
印度语/印地语(HINDI)活跃于印度中至北部, 和英语同是官方语言; 其他比较大的语系有西孟加拉语, 喀什米尔语, 旁遮普语, 拉贾斯坦语, 乌尔都语, 喀拉拉语等.把人划分为婆罗门(BRAHMANA), 刹帝利(CHHETRI), 吠舍(VAISYA), 首陀罗(SUDRA)四等的种姓制度是存
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sudra:首陀
而达拉维荼人也是被后来印度阿富汗人(说阿利安语)所排斥,印度社会5个等级中,他们只比贱民为好,只能当商人和工人、农人,即吠舍(Vaisya)和首陀(Sudra). 吠舍是第三等级,首陀是第四等级. 但达拉维荼当上吠舍的不多,且多降为贱民.
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Varna:种姓
(注二)种姓(Varna)时代为早期印度社会,尤其是雅利安人(Aryan)文化建立的社会阶级. 其阶级依次为婆罗门(brahmans)、剎帝利(kshatriyas)、吠舍(vaishyas)和首陀罗(shudras). 分别代表僧侣、帝王贵族、商人与奴隶.
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baring their teeth, snarling and howling:嘊喍嗥吠
fighting, struggling and seizing, 斗诤[齿*查]掣 | baring their teeth, snarling and howling. 嘊喍嗥吠 | That house was fearful, frightening, 其舍恐怖
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Bania:班尼亚
①班尼亚(Bania)种姓是印度教徒第三个大种姓吠舍(Vaishya)的一支,原来的职业是务农或经商--译注. ①政治监督官(Political Agent)是英国统治印度时代、驻印度英国总督派到印度较小土邦的官吏,实际上是该地的太上皇,
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Vaisya:吠舍
印度语/印地语(HINDI)活跃于印度中至北部, 和英语同是官方语言; 其他比较大的语系有西孟加拉语, 喀什米尔语, 旁遮普语, 拉贾斯坦语, 乌尔都语, 喀拉拉语等.把人划分为婆罗门(BRAHMANA), 刹帝利(CHHETRI), 吠舍(VAISYA), 首陀罗(SUD