反应
- 基本解释 (translations)
- feedback · reacting · reaction · reactivity · respondence · respondency · response · responses · behaviors · reactions
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We define the ADR and the ADRcompensation in the theory research. The paper goes into detail about the ADR theory basis andthe responsibility constitution of other countries and provides the theory basis in order to make itclear why the victims should get the compensation and who should undertake the responsibility.(3)According to the analysis of the data statistical and the investigation, most reports come from themedical institutions while the reports from the production and operation enterprises are extremelyfew, only making up 1%. The speakers are mostly doctors. The serious ADR is about 2% andoccur at different ages. 50 -year-old middle-aged persons and old persons suffer from the ADReasily. In those reports, the ADR caused by using the one drug is about 90%; the ADR caused bythe anti-infection medicine ranks first due to using it wide in clinical medicine and applyingunreasonably. The intravenous injection easily causes the ADR.
对各国药品不良反应损害补偿的理论基础和责任构成进行阐述,为解决为什么要对药品不良反应受害者进行补偿、由谁承担责任提供了理论依据。3、我国药品不良反应现状研究方面,药品不良反应数据统计分析调查,发现报告主要来源于医疗机构,生产和经营企业报告数量极少,企业的报告数只占总数的1%,报告人都是以医生为主,严重不良反应发生的比例占药品不良反应报告总数的2%左右,不同年龄段都有药品不良反应发生,其中年龄大于50岁的中老年人发生的几率最大,在药品不良反应报告总数中,主要是使用一种药品的情形,占90%左右,抗感染药物占各类药物的首位,这与抗感染药物在临床广泛及不合理应用有关,静脉给药一直高居引起药品不良反应给药途径之首。
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The whole sintering process of SHS converter fettling materials can be divided into three steps. The first step is the decomposition reaction of carbonates and sodium nitrate, which is an endothermic reaction. The second step is the SHS reaction, i. e. thermite reaction, the metal of Al reacts with CO〓, O〓, NO〓, Fe〓O〓 to form Al〓O〓. The speed of thermite reaction is very quick, and accompanied with large amount of heat emission and temperature rise. The third step is the reaction of spinels formation. The Al〓O〓 produced by SHS reacts with MgO to form spinels.
整个SHS补炉料的烧结过程分三步进行:第一步为碳酸盐、硝酸钠的分解反应,属于吸热反应;第二步为SHS反应即铝热反应,金属铝粉与CO〓、O〓、NO〓、Fe〓O〓等反应生成Al〓O〓,反应速度很快,并伴随有巨大的放热和温度升高;第三步为合成尖晶石的反应,SHS反应产物Al〓O〓与MgO反应生成尖晶石。
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P28 紫色 Formation of a peptide bond 肽键形成–4侧链具有的反应–形成二硫键-其它反应 Tyr,His,Arg Review Isoelectric Point Titration滴定 of an amino acid 滴定 Gly幻灯片 18 His Lys Glu Reaction of amino acids Section 4 Protein isolation and purification 蛋白质分离及提纯 Working With Proteins Experimental techniques for protein analysis and characterization Purification steps A cell contains many types of proteins In the lab we want to isolate a single protein for experiments Purification steps We first grow cells or isolate tissues that contain the protein of interest We break open the cells to produce a crude extract Use centrifugation离心 to separate soluble from insoluble material We fractionate 分离 the protein mixture based on properties of such as size, charge affinity or solubility.
丹磺酰氯与氨基酸反应生成荧光性质强和稳定的磺胺衍生物,用于多肽链NH 用于多肽链 3末端氨基酸的标记烃基化反应(1) 2,4-二硝基氟苯2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene,二硝基氟苯(二硝基氟苯 DNFB也叫做试剂。DNFB在弱碱性溶液也叫做Sanger试剂试剂中与氨基酸发生取代反应,生成黄色化合物二硝基二硝基苯基氨基酸(dinitro phenyl amino acid, DNP氨基酸氨基酸)苯基氨基酸氨基酸(2)苯异硫氰酸酯(phenylisothiocyanate, PITC)在弱碱性条件下,与氨基酸反应在弱碱性条件下,生成苯乙内酰硫脲 PTH衍生物,(phenylthiohydantoin, PTH)衍生物,即PTH-氨基酸,此反应又称之Edman反应,该反应是蛋白质或多肽氨基酸序列测定常用的反应。
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The four reaction channels including hydroxyl-type benzaldoxime are endothermic reaction, thermodynamically non-spontaneous process, but the other four reaction channels including ion-type benzaldoxime participation are exothermic reaction and thermodynamically spontaneous process. The latter four reaction channels, which have lower reaction barriers, faster reaction velocities and bigger equilibrium constants than those of the former fours, are the chief reaction channels.
苯甲醛肟以羟基型参与反应的4个反应通道均为吸热反应和热力学非自发过程,它们均具有较高的反应势垒、较慢的反应速率和较小的平衡常数;而以离子型参与反应的四个反应通道均为放热反应和热力学自发过程,它们的反应势垒较低,反应速度较快,平衡常数也较大,故苯甲醛肟应主要以离子型参与反应。
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To be different from the already chloromethylation catalyst, it has a certain amount of moisture wet, which will not produce huge amounts of doughtic cancerogenic chloromethyl methyl ether during and after the reaction.4,4\'-bisbiphenyl, 1,4-bisbenzene, 1,4-bis(chloro- methyl)-2,5-dimethylbenzene, 1,5-bis-2,4-dimethylbenzene, 4-(chlor- omethyl)-1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-bis-4,5-dimethylbenzene, 5,8-bis-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 3,3\',5-tris-4,4\'-bisbiphenyl and 3,3\', 5,5\'-tetrakis-4,4\'-bisbiphenyl were synth- esized by using this new catalyst. Results indicated that when the reaction temperature was 55~60℃, the reaction time was 12h, the catalyst which consists of the concentration of 80%H_2SO_4, HAc and Lewis acid, the amount of Lewis acid 0.15 mol(nLewis:nbiphenyl=1.5:1), yield of biphenyl chloromethylation product 4,4\'-bis(chrolomethylbiphenyl can reach a maximum 85%.
采用这种催化体系完成了4,4′-二氯甲基联苯、对二氯甲基苯、1,4-二氯甲基-2,5-二甲基苯、1,5-二氯甲基-2,4-二甲基苯、4-氯甲基-1,2-二甲基苯、1,2-二氯甲基-4,5-二甲基苯、5,8-二氯甲基-四氢萘、3,3',5-三氯甲基-4,4'-二甲基苯和3,3',5,5'-四氯甲基-4,4'-二甲基苯的合成,结果表明:在反应条件为:反应温度55~60℃,反应时间12h,选择80%H_2SO_4、冰醋酸和Lewis酸为催化剂,反应最佳反应Lewis酸用量是0.15mol(和原料比为1.5:1),反应效果最好,联苯氯甲基化产物(4,4′-二氯甲基联苯)收率为85%;在反应条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间8h,80%H_2SO_4、冰醋酸和Lewis酸为催化剂,反应最佳反应Lewis酸用量是0.1mol(和原料比为1:1)时,反应效果最好,苯的氯甲基化产物收(来源:ABd0C论文eded网www.abclunwen.com)率为75%;在反应条件为:在反应条件为:反应温度40℃,反应时间10h,60%H_2SO_4和Lewis酸为催化剂,反应最佳反应Lewis酸用量是0.1mol(和原料比为1:1)时,反应效果最好,对二甲苯氯甲基化产物(1,4-二氯甲基-2,5-二甲基苯)收率为78.5%;在反应条件为:反应温度35℃,反应时间10h,60%H_2SO_4、冰醋酸和Lewis酸为催化剂,反应最佳反应Lewis酸用量是0.1mol(和原料比为1:1)时,反应效果最好,间二甲苯氯甲基化产物(1,5-二氯甲基-2,4-二甲基苯)收率为81.5%。
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The paper reviews the progress of ionic liquids as microwave mediums or catalysts in the fields of organic synthesis, mainly including cyclization, nucleophilic substitution, ring closing metathesis, acylation, rearrangement, polymerization, coupling, oxidation and reduction as well as selective debromination, etc.
本文综述了以离子液体为反应介质或催化剂的微波辅助技术在多种类型有机反应中的研究成果,主要包括了环合反应、亲核取代反应、金属复分解反应、酰化反应、重排反应、聚合反应、偶联反应、氧化还原反应和选择性脱溴反应等。
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The paper reviews the progress of ionic liquids as microwave medium or catalyst in the fields of organic synthesis, mainly including cyclization reation, nucleophilic subsitution reaction, metathesis reaction, acylation reation, rearragement reaction, polymerization reaction, coupling reaction, oxidation and reduction reaction as well as selective debromination reaction etc.
本文综述了以离子液体为反应介质或催化剂的微波辅助技术在多种类型有机反应中的研究成果,主要包括了环合反应、亲核取代反应、金属复分解反应、酰化反应、重排反应、聚合反应、偶联反应、氧化还原反应和选择性脱溴反应等。
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To assess the thermal contribution from oxidation reaction, the standard formation enthalpes of all reactants and products were used to calculate the oxidation enthalpies. It could be found that all oxidation reactions were exothermic. And oxidation played a more important role during the toluene trinitration at high temperature, because the reaction temperature of toluene trinitration is the higher than mononitration and dinitration, and the temperature coefficient of oxidation is higher than that of trinitration too.
为了考察不同阶段氧化副反应对反应放热的贡献,用反应物和产物的标准生成焓推得氧化反应的理论反应热,计算结果表明,各段硝化的氧化副反应均为放热反应,其中三段硝化反应由于反应温度最高,氧化反应的温度系数比硝化反应高,故氧化副反应对三段硝化影响最大。
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By use of titration analysis, the thesis investigated various factors such as isocyanate, PE molecular weight, reacting substance molecular ratio, reacting temperature and time etc. influencing upon prepolymerization step. It was found that 2, 4-tolulene diisocyanate and 4, 4'diphenylmethane diisocyanate is more rapidly reacted with PE600 than HDI. With PE molecular weight increasing, the reacting temperature or time should be raised or extended relevantly. Thus PE2000+2HDI pre-polymerization should be better carried out under some catalyst, for example, Triethylene diamine , Dibutyltin dilaurate and Tin octoate were used.
首先采用滴定分析方法对WRPU预聚反应的影响因素进行了研究:芳香族二异氰酸酯TDI、MDI比脂肪族二异氰酸酯HDI反应活性高,其中TDI在反应初始阶段的反应速率比MDI快,不过随着反应的进行,MDI比TDI反应速率加快,这主要是因为TDI分子中的两个-NCO反应活性差异大所致;二元醇分子量越大,反应速度越慢;聚醚二元醇比聚酯二元醇的反应速度快;当分子量超过2000的二元醇与HDI进行预聚反应时,需借助适当的催化剂来加快反应速度,从而使预聚反应能够顺利进行,分别选择DABCO、TOA和DBDTL三种催化剂进行催化反应,发现不同的催化剂,其催化效果相差较大。
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The reactions include, organometallic reactions (grignard reaction, organolithium -zinc, and -copper chemistry ), metal catalyzed reactions, mannich reaction, nitration, hydrogenation, azidation, amino-protection reactions, organoalluminum catalyzed beckmann rearrangement, schmidt rearrangement, epoxidation, epoxide ring opening reactions, swern oxidation etc.
这些反应包括:有机金属反应(格利亚反应,有机锂,有机锌和有机铜反应),金属催化反应堆(suzuki 反应, negish 反应), mannish 反应,硝化反应,氢化反应,叠氮反应,各种基团的保护和脱保护反应,有机铝催化的贝克曼重排反应,斯密特重排反应,环氧化反应,环氧烷开环反应, swern 氧化反应等。
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disproportionation:歧化反应
CFC可以经由简单的氟化反应步骤得到,而这些代用品则必须经由氯化反应、异构化反应(isomerization)、歧化反应(disproportionation)、加氢反应(hydrogenation)及氟化反应等许多步骤才能得到.
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hydrogenation:加氢反应
CFC可以经由简单的氟化反应步骤得到,而这些代用品则必须经由氯化反应、异构化反应(isomerization)、歧化反应(disproportionation)、加氢反应(hydrogenation)及氟化反应等许多步骤才能得到.
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idiosyncrasy:特异反应性
5)特异质反应(idiosyncratic reaction):也称特异反应性(idiosyncrasy)是药物引起的一类遗传学性异常反应,发生在有遗传性药物代谢或反应变异的个体,特异反应性反应在性质上和药物在正常人中引起的反应可能相似,
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reaction isotherm:反应等温线;反应等温式
reaction isochore 反应等容线;反应等容式 | reaction isotherm 反应等温线;反应等温式 | reaction kinetics 反应动力学
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molecularity:反应分子数
化学动力学主要是研究化学反应的速率,研究各种外在因素对反应速率的影响;研究物质的结构、性质与反应性能的关系,探讨能够解释这种反应速率规律的可能机理,为最优化控制反应提供理论依据反应分子数(molecularity)是指在基元反应过程
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addition polymerization:加聚反应
按单体和聚合物在组成和结构上发生的变化分类 加聚反应(Addition Polymerization) 单体加成而聚合起来的反应称为加聚反应,反应产物称为加聚物. 其特征是: > 加聚反应往往是烯类单体?键加成的聚合反应,无官能团结构特征,多是碳链聚合物 > 加聚物的元素组成与其单体相同,
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transient response:瞬态反应
听性诱发反应的分类方法有数种,如根据电反应的性质,可分为瞬态反应(transient response)、持续反应(sustained response);根据电反应的潜伏期和时程,可分为初反应(一级反应,
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choice reaction:选择反应
B 反应(B-reaction) 又称选择反应(choice reaction). 它是复杂反应中的一种 在这类反应中 有二个或二个以上的刺激和相应于刺激的反应数. 也就是说 每一个刺激都有它相应的反应. 在 B 反应中除了基线操作外还包括了刺激辨认和反应选择的心理操作.
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reaction isochore:反应等容线;反应等容式
reaction isobar 反应等压线;反应等压式 | reaction isochore 反应等容线;反应等容式 | reaction isotherm 反应等温线;反应等温式
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Pericyclic reaction:周环反应
(二)周环反应(Pericyclic Reaction):Diels-Alder环加成反应为[4+2]反应. 丁二烯-1,3与乙烯加成产生环己烯的一类反应. 本反应为光化学禁阻反应,加热却能进行,为对称性允许的热反应. 此外,光化学环加成反应及碳烯(Carbene)反应均属于本类反应.