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ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between anatomic structure of the inferior alveolar nerve canal and dental implantation by measuring mandible innervation esemplarsMETHODSThe intramandibular course of mandibular canal and its dimendion were measured in 15 mandibles with teeth; the relationship between blood vessel and nerve was observed in 5 fresh samples in which the artery was filled; and then the data were analyzed by statisticsRESULTSThe mandibular canal was close to the lingual side and the inferior margin of the mandible, the mandibular canal and the 10mm underside of mandible were parallel in the region of the first and the second molars, it runned outboard to genal aperture when it was hereabout genal aperture, and the blood vessel lay above nerve in the mandibular canalCONCLUSIONIn implant operation performed according to normal anatomy, injury to inferior alveolar nerve may be avoided.
［目的］探讨下颌管的解剖结构与牙种植的关系［方法］选取15具牙列完整的成人离体下颌骨标本和5具经过动脉血管内灌注的新鲜标本，测量下颌骨在每个牙位截面上有关牙槽嵴及下颌管的相关数据，进行统计学分析［结果］牙槽嵴顶以及下方10mm宽度由前向后逐渐增宽；牙槽嵴由上向下逐渐增宽；下颌管位于下颌骨体内下方走行中偏舌侧，并近下颌骨下缘，在下颌第1，2磨牙区下颌管走行与下颌下缘成平行状，在近颏孔处转向外和向颊侧出颏孔；下颌管内血管位于下牙槽神经之上［结论］牙种植术中按正常解剖部位并且侧重颊侧骨板操作，可避免损伤下牙槽神经；如果术中下颌管内突然涌出大量新鲜血液，则提示若继续手术可能损伤下牙槽神经。
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ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between anatomic structure of the inferior alveolar nerve canal and dental implantation by measuring mandible innervation esemplarsMETHODS The intramandibular course of mandibular canal and its dimendion were measured in 15 mandibles with teeth; the relationship between blood vessel and nerve was observed in 5 fresh samples in which the artery was filled; and then the data were analyzed by statisticsRESULTSThe mandibular canal was close to the lingual side and the inferior margin of the mandible, the mandibular canal and the 10mm underside of mandible were parallel in the region of the first and the second molars, it runned outboard to genal aperture when it was hereabout genal aperture, and the blood vessel lay above nerve in the mandibular canalCONCLUSIONIn implant operation performed according to normal anatomy, injury to inferior alveolar nerve may be avoided.
［目的］探讨下颌管的解剖结构与牙种植的关系［方法］选取15具牙列完整的成人离体下颌骨标本和5具经过动脉血管内灌注的新鲜标本，测量下颌骨在每个牙位截面上有关牙槽嵴及下颌管的相关数据，进行统计学分析［结果］牙槽嵴顶以及下方10mm宽度由前向后逐渐增宽；牙槽嵴由上向下逐渐增宽；下颌管位于下颌骨体内下方走行中偏舌侧，并近下颌骨下缘，在下颌第1，2磨牙区下颌管走行与下颌下缘成平行状，在近颏孔处转向外和向颊侧出颏孔；下颌管内血管位于下牙槽神经之上［结论］牙种植术中按正常解剖部位并且侧重颊侧骨板操作，可避免损伤下牙槽神经；如果术中下颌管内突然涌出大量新鲜血液，则提示若继续手术可能损伤下牙槽神经。
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METHODS: Sixteen patients of maxillary prognathism with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion underwent joint orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery were included.
对16例骨性Ⅱ类上颌前突患者（上颌骨前突伴下颌骨后缩14例，其中同时伴颏后缩6例；单纯上颌骨前突2例）进行外科－正畸联合治疗。
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Objective To provide anatomical basis for a new style operation using periosteal flap composed of submental artery, anteroventral portion of digastric muscle and submental artery for the renovation of laryngotrachea.
目的 为应用颏下动脉二腹肌前腹为蒂的下颌骨骨膜瓣转位修复喉、气管提供解剖学依据。方法对23例（46侧）头颈部标本的颏下动脉、颏下静脉、二腹肌前腹的相关结构进行观测。
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It is feasibe that the periosteal flap composed of submental artery,anteroventral portion of digastric muscle and mandibular periosteum is useful laryngotracheal renovation.
带颏下动脉二腹肌前腹蒂的下颌骨膜瓣有转移范围大、血供丰富、应用灵活等优点。颏下动脉二腹肌前腹为蒂的下颌骨膜瓣修复喉气管具有可行性。
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objective the purpose of this study was to summarize our experience of the application of internal rigid fixation with miniplate to treatment of mandibular fractures.methods a retrospective analyisis of clinical data of 67 cases,who had experienced the anatomic reduction and rigid fixation by using miniplate.with the help of maxillomandibular distraction pre operation and post operation and temporary maxillomandibular fixation during operation,the fracture bones were smoothly reduced and fixed.results clinical and radiographic examination showed that all cases gained good clinical results and precise anatomic alignment of fracture postoperatively without infection,malocclusion,bone malunion or other complications.conclusion mocortical miniplate fixation of the mandible is a reliable and effective techinique providing rigid fixation and an ideal modality for the treatment of mandibular fractures.combined with maxillomandibular fixation.
对67例下颌骨骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾总结，所有患者应用小型接骨板行坚固内固定治疗。其中7例颏部骨折，12例颏旁骨折，16例颏孔区骨折，9例体部多发性骨折，5例体部粉碎性骨折；18例合并其他部位骨折。所有患者术前经临床检查和影像学检查明确骨折的位置和骨折线的数目后，分段牙弓夹板结扎、颌间弹性牵引，使移位的骨折段逐渐复位；术中经口内切开复位、细钢丝颌间结扎、小型接骨板坚固内固定；术后行临床检查和影像学复查，必要时颌间弹性牵引7～10 d。结果所有患者手术切口ⅰ期愈合，治疗效果满意；临床检查所有患者牙合关系良好、面部对称；影像学复查证实骨折线对位良好。结论经口内切开小型接骨板坚固内固定辅以颌间固定治疗下颌骨骨折效果可靠，术后并发症少，是一种理想的手术方法。
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METHODS: From April 1998 to February 2002, 12 patients with micromandibular deformity associated with OSAS (aged 14-36 years, 7 females and 5 males) were treated. Invert "L" shape ramus osteotomy and inverted replantation of posterior segment of ramus were performed to reconstruct the TMJ with the jaw advancement and genioplasty at the same time in 7 cases; mandibular angle osteotomy, bone grafts and genioplasty in 3 cases; and the jaw advancement by ramus sagittal osteotomy and genioplasty in 2 cases of the first branchial arch syndrome. RESULTS: The follow-up period was 6 months to 4 years.
1998年4月～2002年2月，对12例(女7例，男5例，年龄14～36岁)伴有严重OSAS症状及张口度0～3.0 cm的小下颌畸形患者，7例采取下颌升支倒&L&形截骨、升支倒置颞下颌关节重建术的同时施行下颌体部前徙和颏成形术；3例在颞下颌关节重建术后进行下颌角部截骨、植骨下颌骨前徙术；2例施行下颌升支矢状劈开、下颌骨前徙术。
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BACKGROUND: We evaluated the usefulness of the hyomental distance ratio, defined as the ratio of the HMD at the extremeof head extension to that in the neutral position, in predictingdifficult visualization of the larynx in apparently normalpatients, by examining the following preoperative airway predictors,alone and in combination: the modified Mallampati test, HMDin the neutral position, HMD and thyromental distance at theextreme of head extension and HMDR.
背景：我们通过以下单一或混合的术前气道指标评估了颏舌距离比在预测表面上正常的患者喉镜检查时发生困难视野的可靠性：改良Mallampati 试验、头部中立位时的HMD、头部最大伸展位时HMD和甲颏距离以及HMDR.HMDR定义在为头部最大伸展位和中立位时HMD的比值。
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The main change of the morphology is the obvious incrassation of the soft tissue between the mentalabial sulcus and the superior cervial point.
下颌骨前徙手术较下颌后退形态变化要大而复杂，主要的形态变化是表现为颏唇沟点至颈上点间区域软组织明显增厚，颏突出度显著增强，颏部轮廓形态向正常接近。
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In the soft tissue measurements, the value of soft tissue facial angle and B'-Pos-FH in the first extraction group was less than those in the second extraction group significantly. After treatment all the patients had an increase in S-Ns-Pos angle, soft tissue facial angle, B'-Pos-FH and depth of mentolabial groove. At the same time, soft tissue convexity angle was diminished obviously. But the change was not significant between the two premolar extraction groups.
2在对软组织项目的测量中，治疗前第一前磨牙拔除组的软组织面角、颏沟倾角均小于第二前磨牙拔除组，治疗后2组均出现软组织面凸角减少，颏凸角、软组织面角、颏沟倾角、颏唇沟深度增加；但2组在各项测量项目的变化上无显著组间差别。
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glossa：中唇舌
轴节杆状,由茎节发出的外颚叶成为颇大的薄片,而内颚叶却几乎完全退化,小颚须萎缩成为2节的小突起.上唇短.下唇的亚颏和颏都退化,而前颏长大.唇舌分为中间的中唇舌(glossa)和外侧的侧唇舌(paraglossa)两部分,
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prognathous type：前口式
前颏 prementum | 前口式 prognathous type | 前鳃亚纲 Prosobranchia
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submental space：颏下间隙
颏下间隙(submental space)位于舌骨上区,为颏下三角内的单一间隙. 间隙内有少量脂肪组织及淋巴结,此间隙供下颌舌骨肌、颏舌骨肌与舌下间隙相隔. 两侧与颌下间隙相连,感染易相互扩散? 颏下间隙解剖位置 颏下间隙的感染多来自于淋巴结炎症. 下唇、舌尖、口底、舌下肉阜、下颌前牙及牙周组织的淋巴回流可直
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mentoanterior：颏前位
mento-occipitaldiameter 颏枕径 | mentoanterior 颏前位 | mentobregmatic 颏前囟的
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mentoanterior position：颏前位
mentism 沉思 | mentoanterior position 颏前位 | meralgia 股痛
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left mentoanterior：左颏前位
left fronto-transverse 左额横位 | left mentoanterior 左颏前位 | left mentotransverse 左颏横位
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mentobregmatic：颏前囟的
mentoanterior 颏前位 | mentobregmatic 颏前囟的 | mentolabial 颏唇的
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Pg pogonion：前颏点
6. Pm protuberance menti or suprapogonion 颏隆突 | 7. Pg pogonion 前颏点 | 8. Gn gnathion 颏前下点
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stipulae：前颏;前下唇茎节
有柄的 stipitate | 前颏;前下唇茎节 stipulae | 棱齿海胆目 STIRODONTA
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stipital region; prememtum; stipulae：前颏
茎节的 stipital | 前颏 stipital region; prememtum; stipulae | 蝶铰缝 stipital suture