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But it can not expose atlanto-axial joint,can not direct see courser direction of screw with naked eyes.
但该术式无法暴露寰枢椎，肉眼不能直接观察到螺钉的走行方向，术前必须对螺钉的走行方向进行准确的定位，但是怎样进行定位目前国内只有陈坚报道过[5]，但缺乏系统的实验研究；国外未见相关报道。
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The peak of the bulge accorded with the vertical line through the posterior convexity of superior articular surface of atlas. The superimpose rate of the vertical line with the M line were 48% to left and 65% to right. The surplus existed in l～2mm to lateral of M line. The exit point of screw was the median point of vertical line on the anterior cortex of lateral mass. The superimpose rate of BB line the line linked with the
寰椎后结节中点及上关节突后凸尖下的骨质弧形隆起的顶点可作为寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点的准确标志，上关节突后凸尖及横突尖可作为寰椎椎弓根进钉点的大体标志；沿寰椎椎弓根轴线进钉较为安全，内倾17°，仰角变异大，出钉参照前结节顶点；椎动脉沟中外的厚度及进钉点处寰椎后弓的高度是寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定的主要限制性因素。
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Methods: Injured patients of cervical spine was cayyied on X-ray inspection.,then according to the result of ADI and LADS ,next to CT or MRI inspection ,and that was to guide clinical diagonosis and treatment.To observe atlanto-dental interval (anterior arch of atlas posterior border to odontoid process anterior border) and odontoid process caster(included angle between axis of ordinate of odontoid process and axis of ordinate of odontoid vertebra) on the X-ray lateral projection.
对有颈部外伤史的病人常规行X线检查，然后根据寰齿间距和齿突侧块间隙的结果，行下一步CT检查或者MRI检查，指导临床治疗方法的选择。X线侧位片观察寰齿前间隙(为寰椎前弓后缘与齿突前缘距离)，齿状突后倾角(齿突纵轴与枢椎体纵轴的夹角)；开口正位片上测定齿突侧块间隙。
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［Objective］ To analyze the outcome of internal fixation for occipitalization with atlantoaxial joint dislocation by posterior decompression and occipitocervical fusion ［Method］ From December 2005 to June 2007,8 patients with occipitalization and atlantoaxial joint dislocation received removal of the posterior arcus of atlas and the enlargement of the posterior edge of the foramen magnum after skull traction performing for an average of 135 daysAll patients were operated on by posterior craniocervical fusion using cervifix internal fixation system and autologous ilium graftsThe clinical efficacy after operation was analyzed by Japanese Orthopaedic Associationneural function score ［Result］ All the patients were followed up from 6 months to 2 years, average of 15 monthsNo complication was foundAtlantodental interval was 5~9 mm before and 4~6 mm after skull tractionAtlantoaxial joint dislocation didn't completely reducedThe neurological defects were improved to some extents according to the JOA scoreImageology showed all patients had full decompression and bony fusionThe loosening or broken internal fixation was not found ［Conclusion］ Posterior decompression and fusion is a feasible method for the treatment of occipitalization with atlantoaxial joint dislocation,and the clinical effect is satisfactory
分析后路减压枕颈融合内固定术治疗合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化临床疗效。［方法］2005年12月至2007年6月间，对8例合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化患者在行颅骨牵引治疗一段时间（12~16 d，平均135 d）后采用枕骨大孔后缘扩大，寰椎后弓切除减压取自体髂骨枕颈融合Cervifix系统内固定术，手术后采用日本骨科学会神经功能评分分析临床疗效。［结果］8例患者随访6个月~2年，平均为15个月。8例患者无一例出现术后并发症，术前寰齿前间隙为5~9 mm，经颅骨牵引后为5~7 mm，寰枢关节脱位未能完全复位。手术前后JOA评分示神经症状均有不同程度恢复，影像学检查示枕颈区减压充分植骨区获得骨性融合，无一例出现内固定松动或断裂。［结论］合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化患者术前仔细评估影像学改变，采用颅骨牵引一段时间后行后路减压枕颈融合内固定术的治疗方案是合理可行的，且临床效果满意。
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And then the occipitocervical fusion, Brook-Jenkin atlantoaxial fusion, odontoid process compressive screw and vertebral double screws fixture were performed according to different fractures or dislocations.
交通事故伤30例，高处坠落伤6例。临床均有颈部疼痛、活动受限。有不同程度神经受压症状与体征者25例。根据损伤类型，分别采用枕颈框架植骨融合术，Brook-Jenkin寰枢椎融合术，齿状突直接加压螺钉内固定术，前路椎体双螺钉固定术。
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Similarly, a axis FEM model was constructed to simulate the axis fracture, emphasized on the odontoid process. Three kind of odontoid process fracture were analysed on this model, which occurred respectively on the tip, the middle and the fundus. The results gave the best angle to fracture the odontoid process of the axis.
四、建立了枢椎的三维有限元模型，对枢椎齿状突骨折机理进行了理论上的研究，重点针对临床上齿突骨折的三种分类：1、齿突尖骨折：2、齿突腰部骨折：3、齿突基底部骨折，赋予齿状突在矢状面沿各种角度下受力条件，模拟寰椎前弓、寰椎横韧带以及C2-3棘间韧带对枢椎造成的暴力破坏，确定了最可能引起齿状突暴力骨折的受力角度。
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An electrophysiologic study on sEMG of trunk rotaory muscles in stroke patients;2. The characteristics of the skeletons of the trunk in bactrian camel are the following.
双峰驼躯干骨的特征如下：寰椎的背腹侧嵴都不明显，有外侧孔、翼孔、横突孔；枢椎较长；第3，4和5颈椎的横突前支比后支长；第6颈椎有不太典型的横突中支；第7颈椎横突不分支。
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atlas：寰椎
一、寰枢椎的解剖与病理 第1颈椎又名寰椎(atlas) 呈环状,无椎体 突和关节变,由前弓 后弓 及侧块组成. 前弓较短,后面正中有齿突凹,与枢椎的齿突相关节. 侧块连接前后两弓,上面各有一椭圆形关节面,与枕髁相关节;
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cervical vertebra：颈椎
脊柱:分化为颈椎(cervical vertebra),躯干椎,荐椎(sacral vertebra)和尾椎四部; 颈椎(寰椎)一枚,具一对关节窝,与寰椎的枕髁关节; 躯干椎数量变化多(7~200 枚) ,多数前凹型或后凹型,少数为双凹型,横突不发达,无肋骨; 荐椎一枚,
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Dens：齿突
指状突起,称为齿突(dens)与寰椎前弓后面的齿突凹相关节. 齿突原为寰椎的椎体,在发育过程中脱离寰椎而与枢椎椎体融合. 枢椎的椎体较其它颈椎要小. 齿突两侧各有圆形的关节面,称为上关节面,与寰椎的下关节面相关节. 椎弓根短而粗,
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sacral vertebra：荐椎
(二)脊柱在鱼类分化为躯椎和尾椎的基础上,进一步发展成颈椎(cervicalvertebra)、躯干椎、荐椎(sacral vertebra)和尾椎. 颈椎一枚,因形状似环又称寰椎(atlas),椎体前有一突起与枕骨大孔的腹面连接,突起的两侧有一对关节窝与颅骨后缘的两个枕髁关节,
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proatlas：前寰椎
前无尾目 PROANURA | 前寰椎 proatlas | 机率;或然率 probability