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观察, 调查
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The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.
本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法,研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami,RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ,GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum,NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis,DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP,5μg),注射当天睡眠时间略有减少,第二日睡眠时间显著减少,觉醒时间明显增多,第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后,与生理盐水组比较,睡眠时间增加,觉醒时间减少;而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid, L-Glu, 0.2μg)后,睡眠时间减少,觉醒时间增加;RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline,BIC,1.0μg)后,睡眠时间减少,觉醒时间增加;RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen,BAC,1.0μg)后,产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg,0.5μg)后,与生理盐水组对比,睡眠时间略有减少,但无显著性意义;而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside,SNP,0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间,缩短睡眠时间;微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine,L-NNA,2.0μg)后,引起睡眠时间增多,觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用;RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后,与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠,其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate,MOR,1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比,睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加; RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride,NAL,1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较,睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后,与生理盐水组对比,原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较,睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少;RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue,MB,1.0μg)后,与NS组比较,睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg),同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后,与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS, 0.2μg)比较,睡眠时间减少,觉醒时间增多;大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg),同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide, MS, 1.0μg )后,与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg,双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较,睡眠时间增多,觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine,PCPA,10μg),同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后,与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS, 1.0μg)比较,睡眠时间增多,觉醒时间减少;大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg),产生睡眠增多效应后,在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan , 5-HTP, 1.0μg )后,与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg,双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较,睡眠时间减少,觉醒时间增多。
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There's something happening here What it is ain't exactly clear There's a man with a gun over there Telling me I got to beware I think it's time we stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down There's battle lines being drawn Nobody's right if everybody's wrong Young people speaking their minds Getting so much resistance from behind I think it's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down What a field-day for the heat A thousand people in the street Singing songs and carrying signs Mostly say, hooray for our side It's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Paranoia strikes deep Into your life it will creep It starts when you're always afraid You step out of line, the man come and take you away We better stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, now, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down
某事在这里发生它是什么完全清楚用一只枪有一个男人那里告诉我我开始小心我认为该是我们停止的时候了,孩子,是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降有战线被画不重要之人正确地如果每个人错误的年轻人说他们的思想得到这么多抵抗从在后我认为该是我们停止的时候了,嗨,什么是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降什么一个户外运动日为热在街道中的千个人唱歌而且携带告示大概发言权,万岁!为我们的身边该是我们停止的时候了,嗨,什么是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降偏执狂袭击深处进入你的生活之内它将会爬它开始当你总是害怕你踏出线,男人来而且取走你我们最好停止,嗨,什么是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降停止,嗨,什么是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降现在,停止,什么是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降停止,孩子,是那声音每个人都看什么正在下降自己草草翻的,会有些许差错,请海涵
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There's something happening here What it is ain't exactly clear There's a man with a gun over there Telling me I got to beware I think it's time we stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down There's battle lines being drawn Nobody's right if everybody's wrong Young people speaking their minds Getting so much resistance from behind I think it's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down What a field-day for the heat A thousand people in the street Singing songs and carrying signs Mostly say, hooray for our side It's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Paranoia strikes deep Into your life it will creep It starts when you're always afraid You step out of line, the man come and take you away We better stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, now, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down
There's 某事发生这里什么这确切地是ain't 清楚 There's 一个人与枪在那告诉我我得到当心我认为我们停止的it's 时间,孩子,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来 There's 战线被画 Nobody's 纠正如果everybody's 错误青年人说出他们的想法非常得到抵抗从后面我认为我们停止的it's 时间,嘿,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来领域天为热一千个人在街道唱歌歌曲和运载标志主要言, hooray 为我们的边 It's 时间我们停止,嘿,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来偏执狂碰撞深深入您的生活它将爬行它开始当you're 总害怕您跨步在线外面,人来拿走您我们改善中止,嘿,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来停止,嘿,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来停止,现在,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来中止,孩子,听起来的what's 大家看what's 下来
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look into:调查
1.take place 发生 | 2.look into 调查 | 3.be caught in 遇(雨);陷入(圈套)
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look into:调查,观察,过问;窥视
look in 顺便看望 | look into 调查,观察,过问,窥视 | look on 旁观,观看;看待;视作
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look into:调查,观察
look in 顺便看望,顺便访问 | look into 调查,观察 | look on 旁观,观看
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look into:观察;调查;窥视
look in 顺便看望,顺便访问 . | look into 观察;调查;窥视 . | look on 旁观;观看;面向 .
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look into sth:调查,了解某事,浏览(书报)
look down on/upon sb 轻视某人 | look into sth 调查,了解某事,浏览(书报) | look up to sb 尊敬某人
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